Opis narzędzi do załadunku i innych niezbędnych przy obsłudze działa:

The tools used for servicing 32 pounder, and all other guns, were called side arms (not to be confused with small weapons).
Ich nazwy i zastosowanie, są następujące:


1. Worm or wadhook: A corkscrew shaped double headed iron worm used after every fourth shot to take out the flannel cartridge bases which remained at the bottom of the bore after firing. If this was not done, the cartridge material would build up and in time cover the lower part of the vent hole where it enters the bore and prevent the pricking of the cartridge. It would also prevent the flash from the quill tube entering the cartridge. The worm was also used to extract the wad and the cartridge if the gun had to be unloaded. If guns were left loaded at sea for some time the cartridges were pulled out with the worm and examined to check if they were still serviceable ie not wet. The worm was sometimes called the searcher and was about 9ft (2.74 m) long.

2. Sponge: Made of sheepskin and fitted to a wooden head by copper nails, the head was attached to a wooden stave. The stave was up to 11 ft. (3.35 m) long, minimum 9ft. (2.74 m) to allow it to project out of the barrel when being used. The sponge was kept damp with water from a bucket behind the gun and was used to extinguish any smouldering embers left from the cartridge bag which remained in the bore after firing. When sponging and loading, the vent was served by the gunner who sealed the vent using a thumb stall, and later a special vent plug. This was done when the sponge was pushed down the bore, the air in front of it had to flow past the sponge head as it reached the bottom of the bore. When the sponge was withdrawn a partial vacuum was created in front of it and subsequently, as there was no air, any remaining smouldering debris was extinguished through lack of oxygen. The gun was always sponged out after every firing.



3. Gun Locks: Flintlocks had been used on muskets and pistols since the early 1700s, but were not used by the army or navy for large guns during this period. The French navy experimented with gun locks as early as 1727: the British navy adopting a similar mechanism later in 1755 by Admiralty order of 21st October of that year. In 1760 when case shot was first supplied to the Navy, gun locks were also issued for the guns of the upper deck and quarterdeck. Captain Charles Douglas, commander of the 90 gun ship Duke in 1778, had such great confidence in the efficiency of the flintlock for firing guns that he equipped his ship with them out of his own purse. When Douglas became captain of Lord Rodney's flagship Formidable (90 guns) in April 1782, he demonstrated his superior rate of fire and hitting power in the victory over the French at the Battle of the Saints in the West Indies. Douglas's son, Major General Sir Howard Douglas, improved the gun lock system by introducing a double headed hammer to house the flint. This made it unnecessary to change flints frequently during action as this new form of hammer could be turned through 180 degrees to engage the second flint.

4. Rope, or flexible sponge: This comprised a piece of stout rope about 9ft (2.74 m) long, fitted with a sponge head at one end and a rammer head at the other. It was used to load a gun when the weather was rough and the gun port lid was closed. Under these circumstances; i.e. the port lid closed, space available was confined and consequently it was impracticable to use the standard rammers and sponges mounted on staves. Also when enemy ships were close alongside in action, the rope sponge and rammer were used to avoid exposing the guns crew at the port opening to small arms fire.



5. Rammer: This was a flat headed wooden stave about 9ft. (2.74 m) long, used to load the cartridge, shot and wad by pushing them down the bore to the bottom. With the development of fused round shot, the end of the rammer was made concaved to fit over the fuse. This type of rammer can be seen on the Victory today.

6. Grape shot: In 1805 this type of projectile was known as 'quilted-grape'. Round iron balls, which varied in diameter from about 1 inch to about 2 ins according to the type of gun from which they were fired, were enclosed in a canvas bag through the middle of which ran an iron spindle attached to an iron tompion or bottom. Grape shot was used mainly against ships' boats.

Note: The type of grape shot known as 'tiered' which consisted of iron plates separating rows of bullets, all fixed round an iron pin with a metal bottom plate or tompion, was not invented until many years after 1805 (circa 1850). There was no canvas bag or quilting with this improved form of projectile.

7, 9, 11, 12. Rodzaje pocisków do niszczenia żagli, olinowania itp.



8. Chain shot: A pair of cast-iron hemispheres, like bar shot but joined by an iron chain. Chain shot was also used for cutting rigging and spars.

10. Bar shot: Comprised a pair of solid cast-iron hemispheres of slightly less diameter than the bore of the gun, joined together during manufacture by a one-inch square iron bar. A variation of the two hemispheres was two thick circular pieces of iron, giving a "dumb-bell" shape. Bar shot was used to cut rigging and spars.

Expanding (or elongating) bar shot: Two iron hemispheres joined by a 'two-piece' section of square metal bar. Each piece was made so that it could slide down the other piece in flight and therefore almost double its length. The two pieces of bar and the hemispheres were pushed together to the shortest length before being loaded.



13. Round shot: These were solid cast-iron balls of slightly less diameter than the bore of the gun, the difference being called 'windage'. The weight of the shot was used to denote the type of gun, eg a 32-pdr cannon fired shot weighing 32 lb. Used to pound the hull of a ship.

14. Powder horn (Róg z prochem, rożek prochowy): A cow horn fitted with a spring loaded tip and a carrying cord. The large end was fitted with a wooden bung with a central filling hole, closed with a screwed wooden stopper. The horn was filled with small grain pistol powder and used for priming the pan of the gun lock.

15. Wad former: Wads were made of rope junk and beaten into shape in a former. After being removed from the wad former the wads were wound round with worsted to keep their shape. Wads for the 32 pounder were about 2.5 ins. (6.35 cm) thick and slightly larger than the bore for a good fit. In action they were kept in a net close to the shot rack. A first rate ship of the line carried 8 x 32 pounder wad formers, 8 x 24 pounder wad formers and 2 x 12 pounder wad formers.

17. Cartridge (Ładunek miotający): One of the jobs of a seaman sentenced to the punishment bar would be the sewing of cartridges for the guns. Cartridge dimensions of each bag size was given in case supplies of ready cut bags were unavailable. Some cartridge bags were supplied in a flat state. Each ship was supplied with cylindrical formers for each type of gun and for each weight of charge used. After the bag had been sewn into shape on the former it was filled with gun powder of the correct grain size. Strict instructions were in force to regulate the amount of powder used for each gun size and the type of charge to be made.



Pozostałe akcesoria do dział HMS Victory:

Vent reamer or bit: This was a iron spike made from square section rod fashioned with a corkscrew twist at one end and a handle at the other . It was used to clear and clean the vent hole of carbon debris. The reamer was about 12 inches (30.5 cm) long.

Vent plug: Although not used at Trafalgar, this implement was used to serve (stop) the vent whilst sponging and loading. As the sponge was forced into the bore the compression would dislodge burning debris. Without the plug, the air forced down the bore by the sponge would rush out of the vent hole taking with it any smouldering embers there may be thus causing a fire hazard. No example of a vent plug survives, the earliest description of a vent plug dates from 1863, however their use is mentioned in the Naval Gun Drill Manual of 1817. Beforehand a leather thumb stall, or the bare thumb was used.

Vent pricker: A copper wire about 12 inches (30.5 cm) long with a point at one end and a handle at the other, used to prick the cartridge by pushing it right down the vent hole. Pricking the cartridge exposed the powder to ensure easy ignition from the flash of the quill tube. The pricker was also used to test if the cartridge had been rammed home. If no resistance was found when pushed fully into the vent hole, the order "ram again" was given to ensure that the cartridge was at the bottom of the bore.

Apron: Made from lead, these were used to cover the vent of the guns when they were not in use. As the guns were permanently loaded they prevented inadvertant ignition to the charge and also kept the damp out of the gun. Most were flat about 8 x 10 inches ((20.3 x 25.4 cm). Others were made with a hump to cover a gunlock. A first rate ship of the line carried 114 aprons.

Match tub: A small wooden keg, in the shape of a truncated cone, used to hold slow match. Slow match was always kept burning at the rear of the gun for use of igniting the gun in case of damage or failure of the gun lock. Specially manufactured from fine hemp, the match was then boiled in spirits of wine and a solution of saltpetre (charcoal). Slow matches burned at a rate of approximately one foot in three hours. All matches were lit from the lantern at the start of the action.

Lantern (Latarnia): Po wystrzale przestrzeń wypełniały gęste chmury gryzącego dymu i przez to widoczność była bardzo słaba. Latarnie zostały wykorzystane do oświetlenia, szczególnie po oddaniu salwy burtowej podczas walki.

Speaking trumpet (tuba): wykonana z miedzi, miała za zadanie wzmocnić wydawane komendy oficera (współczesny megafon). Tubę można zobaczyć na wielu obrazach z tego okresu.

Shot garlands: Used in addition to the racks by the hatchways, these comprised a circlet of rope laid flat on the deck which could hold one or two round shot ready for use.

Salt box (skrzynka z solą): drewniane pudełko na tyle duże, aby trzymać dwa ładunki z prochem (Cartridge), aby zapobiec przypadkowemu zapaleniu się od iskier, zawiasy zostały wykonane ze skóry, gwoździe z miedzi. Wewnątrz znajdowała się warstwa soli, która zapobiegała zawilgoceniu ładunków miotających (Cartridge). Skrzynki były stale uzupełniane przez chłopców okrętowych, u Anglików zwanych 'powder monkeys' małpki prochowe.
A wooden box big enough to hold two cartridges placed well behind the gun. To prevent accidental ignition of the charge from sparks, hinges and fitting were made of leather and copper respectively. Inside was a layer of salt which prevented the cartridges getting damp. The boxes were constantly filled by the 'powder monkeys'.



Cases of wood: A lightweight cylindrical wooden case made of poplar, fitted with an elm lid, a rope carrying strap, large enough to carry one cartridge. For safety, cartridges needed to be protected from inadvertant ignition or explosion while being conveyed from the magazines to the guns. References to cases of wood are made within the ship's Gunner's Store List of 1804 when the Victory was at sea. Sizes of the cases of wood varied according to the charge. In all there were approximately 240 held on board.

Wooden handspikes: Two handspikes were allocated to every pair of side guns (e.g. No. 2 gun larboard, and its opposite No. 2 gun starboard). Used to lever the breech so that the gun captain could move the quoin in or out to correct for elevation; they were also used to assist in training the gun and in running it in or out.

Water buckets, Wiadra z wodą: Umieszczone z tyłu działa; woda używana do moczenia gąbki (sponge), a także do gaszenia żaru na pokładzie w razie potrzeby. Chociaż zazwyczaj wykonywane z drewna, czasami były też robione ze skóry.

Belt pouches: Generally carried by selected members of the gun crew; i.e. captain of the gun (No1), 2nd captain, (No. 2), and the primer (No. 11), these pouches contained, quill tubes, vent stoppers, gunlock flints and spare trigger lines. Made of leather these pouches often bore the initials G.R. (George Rex).

Ze strony
http://www.hms-victory.co...id=59&Itemid=90
http://www.hms-victory.co...id=60&Itemid=89

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Pozdrawiam
Karol

Mógłbym prosić o tłumaczenie w wolnych chwilach (chociaż kawałkami :))

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Obsługa działa

Ówczesne okręty liniowe były potężnymi pływającymi fortecami, trzy piętra dział na Victory - po 50 na każdej burcie plus karonada - mogły wyrzucić w salwie burtowej pociski o łącznej masie ok. pół tony na odległość ok. 1,5 mili.

Dowódca działa pociągał za sznur spustowy, wyzwalając mechanizm skałkowy, który zapalał ładunek miotający (cartridge). Po odpaleniu siłę odrzutu amortyzowały liny tylcowe i talie zamocowane po obu stronach lawety (wózka). Doświadczona załoga potrafiła załadować, wycelować i odpalić działo co 90 sekund.
Artylerzysta brał ze stojaka na amunicję kulę (standardowo) z litego żelaza o masie 12, 18, 24 lub 32 funtów (ok. 5,4; 8; 10,9 i 14,5 kg), zależne od wielkości działa. Na krótkich dystansach kule pełne skutecznie dewastowały kadłub i maszty nieprzyjaciela. Pozostali artylerzyści ciągnąc talie, odciągali działo - ówczesne działa były ładowane od wylotu lufy, trzeba je było zatem wciągnąć do wnętrza, ładować, a następnie dociągnąć do ambrazury (furty działowej), tak aby lufa z niej wystawała.

Dowódca działa przy zamku musiał przedziurawić wetknięty w otwór zapałowy bawełniany woreczek z prochem, aby umożliwić zapłon ładunku miotającego i odpalenie działa. Chłopiec okrętowy, u Anglików zwany małpką prochową donosił w pojemnikach mieszczących do 11 funtów czarnego prochu.
Pokład był posypywany piaskiem, zwiększał tarcie oraz wchłaniał krew i wodę morską. Ludzie chodzili boso, co zabezpieczało przed poślizgiem.
Nad sprawnym działaniem czuwał porucznik (wydawał komendy przy pomocy tuby), miał do dyspozycji midszypmena.

W pobliżu działa znajdowała się baryłka z bronią ręczną (kordy, siekiery abordażowe i naładowane pistolety).

Działa miały różne rozmiary (kaliber), zależne od klasy noszącego je okrętu, ich nazwy wywodziły się od masy wystrzeliwanych pocisków. Okręty liniowe miały od 74 do 120 dział różnego kalibru (Victory 104 działa, ST 144 działa - wątpliwe [K]);
32-funtówka była obsługiwana nawet przez 12 ludzi, miała zasięg 2000 jardów (1829 m);
18- lub 24-funtowe działa strzelały na odległość 3000 jardów (2743 m), zależało to od wielkości zastosowanego ładunku miotającego (cartridge) i kąta podniesienia lufy;
12-funtówka, standardowe uzbrojenie fregat, miała zasięg ok. 1800 jardów (1646 m), podobnie jak 9-funtówka (ok. 4,1 kg).
Okręty zbliżały się do siebie najczęściej na krótki dystans np. ok. 30 jardów (27,5 m), a wówczas pocisk 18-funtowy mógł przebić warstwę desek dębiny o łącznej grubości 32 cali (81,3 cm) i rozrzucić wytworzone drzazgi na przestrzeni 30 jardów. Nawet kartacz wystrzelony z 32-funtówki z odległości 300 jardów (274 m) powodował spore zniszczenia, przechodząc przez 5-calową (12,7 cm) warstwę desek świerkowych lub 4 cale (10,2 cm) dębiny. Zdolność niszczenia była znacząca, ale zatopienia okrętów spowodowane zniszczeniami burt zdarzały się bardzo rzadko.

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Pozdrawiam Karol

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niedziela, 14 sierpnia 2011